{"links":{"story.1945.caption":[["en","Battle of Berlin"],["de","Berlin"],["de","Geschichte Berlins"]],"story.airlift.caption":[["web","https://www.luftbruecke-berlin.de/statistik.html"],["web","https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA433271"],["en","Berlin Blockade"]],"story.airlift.note":[["web","https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/online-collections/berlin-airlift"],["web","https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA433271"]],"story.greater.caption":[["en","Greater Berlin Act"],["en","Hufeisensiedlung"]],"story.old.caption":[["en","Berlin-Cölln"],["en","Gendarmenmarkt"],["en","Museum Island"]],"story.tenements.caption":[["en","Hobrecht-Plan"],["de","Berlin"]],"story.today.caption":[["en","Fall of the Berlin Wall"],["en","Potsdamer Platz"],["en","Federal Chancellery (Berlin)"],["en","Berlin Hauptbahnhof"],["de","Europacity"]],"story.ubahn.caption":[["en","Berlin Friedrichstraße station"],["en","Berlin U-Bahn"],["en","Ghost station"],["en","U8 (Berlin U-Bahn)"]],"story.wall.caption":[["en","Berlin Wall"],["de","Karl-Marx-Allee"],["en","Interbau"],["de","Berlin-Märkisches Viertel"],["en","Marzahn"]]},"t":{"about.back":"Back to the map","about.cost":"The second face: what it costs","about.cost.1":"The switch at the top turns the map from when it grew to what it costs. There the buildings turn grey and sink to a third of their height, and the ground shows the 2022 census on its 100 m grid: the net rent per m² of the rented flats. cells lie in Berlin, of them with a rent.","about.cost.2":"The census keeps people's privacy by setting some small counts to zero, and a \"-\" in its files cannot tell such a count from a true zero. A cell whose counts are all withheld or zero is grey hatched ( cells, %, for the heating); one whose published counts hold less than half its buildings is hatched, as are the rents the census calls uncertain. In cells fewer than 10 buildings are counted, and there the census's random adjustment weighs most, so their lines say \"small counts, adjusted at random by the census\". Every value belongs to its cell, never to one building: the label on a cell says so, and a building's panel lists its cell's values under \"Its area\" ( buildings stand in a cell). Every number, class and choice is written down in the code's METHODS.md, every source in its SOURCES.md.","about.cost.3":"Two more lenses show the city's own models, so they say \"indicative\". Solar colours every building by how well its roof suits solar panels, from the city's solar model, made in 2025 from the 3D city model: buildings have a roof large enough for at least one standard module, of them mostly of high suitability, more sun a brighter gold. Each of the model's roof surfaces with a building on the map names that building by its id, so the roofs fall to the right buildings. The model marks buildings as listed; the of them found on the map are violet, and have a suitable roof. Nothing says that listing forbids solar panels: it means they need heritage consent, which is what the legend says. In this lens the buildings stand at full height, and a building's panel gives its suitable roof area in m² and the standard modules it holds. The model also gives each roof a power, but its unit is stated nowhere, so the map leaves it out.","about.cost.4":"Heat lays the city's 2022 climate model on the ground, for blocks and street areas on a clear summer day, with a switch for the day and the night: by day the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) at 14:00, a measure of the heat a person feels, at night the air at 04:00, each in the city's own classes. By day % of the blocks reach strong or extreme heat stress (a PET over 35 °C); at night % of the blocks and % of the street areas stay above 18 °C. A building's panel lists its block's two classes under \"Its area\". The street trees show with this lens. The heat lens keeps the city's own colours but two: the darkest is lightened for the dark map, and one yellow deepened to tell it from the first; the solar lens's are the map's, with the city's classes.","about.cost.5":"Two lenses have several years, and the timeline becomes their clock: click a year, step with the arrow keys or press Play. Heating shows how the city's blocks were heated in 2000 and in 2005, from the Umweltatlas's heating maps ( and blocks, each with the share of its heated floor area by district heat, gas, oil, coal and night-storage electricity, and the main heating by the city's own rule), and in 2022 the heating most buildings with homes use in each cell of the census's grid. The heating maps measure heated floor area per block, the census counts buildings with homes per 100 m cell, so the legend says to compare the pictures, not the numbers. Oil was the main heating of blocks in 2000 and in 2005, gas of and , coal of and . Rings mark the large heat and power plants of each time ( in 2000, in 2004, in 2020) with the fuels they burned; hard coal was % of their fuel in 2000 and % in 2004. The amounts and the CO2 figures are not shown, because no page states their unit or year. No heating map exists as data for 1994, so the lens starts in 2000.","about.cost.6":"Land value shows the land values (Bodenrichtwerte) of the Gutachterausschuss für Grundstückswerte on 1 January of each of years, 2002 to 2026, in euros per m² of land, zone by zone ( zones in 2002, in 2026). A zone's value is an average for land of its use, not a price paid for one plot. The median zone's value went from € to € per m². Where zones overlap, the smallest is drawn. Earlier years exist only as scanned maps in Deutsche Mark, so they are left out. A building's panel gives the heating of its blocks in 2000 and 2005 and its zone's land value in 2026 and 2002.","about.credits":"Code and credits","about.credits.1":"Made by Anubhav Das. The code is MIT licensed. Its tile format, the tile worker and parts of the shader, picking and timeline are adapted from Alex Barakov's LAYRS: Amsterdam (MIT). The idea owes much to Alexander Bogachev's Paris, building by building; none of its code is used. Drawn with three.js (MIT); set in Fraunces and JetBrains Mono (SIL Open Font License 1.1).","about.description":"How every building in Berlin got its year, how good the estimates are, and where the data comes from.","about.divided":"The divided city and 1945","about.divided.1":"The Wall, the death strip and the political border are Berlin's map of the Wall in 1989 ( km of border wall). West Berlin is the area they enclose: km², against km² on Wikipedia. The sectors follow the districts as they were before 2001. West Staaken, west of the Wall, belonged to East Germany until 1990 and counts as East; the exclave Steinstücken counts as West, as does the land East Berlin gave to West Berlin in 1988. buildings stand where the death strip ran, garages and sheds included. of named places were checked.","about.divided.2":"The sectors' areas in the legend are measured on today's Berlin. The Soviet sector there is everything outside West Berlin's outline, km²: km² of it is West Staaken and km² thin slivers along the Wall in the western districts; the remaining km² compare with the km² Wikipedia gives for East Berlin.","about.divided.3":"The survey of 1945 marks groups of buildings in the inner city as destroyed or damaged. Each building standing today with at least half its footprint in the survey takes a mark that covers at least 40% of its footprint, destroyed before damaged: of the buildings in the survey, stand on sites marked destroyed and damaged. For % the mark is the same as the map's at the building's centre.","about.divided.4":"Every caption of the story is checked against the Wikipedia articles it names, which the caption links, in English and in German.","about.ground":"The ground","about.ground.1":"Under the buildings lies the city's street network, km of streets, the main roads and motorways ( km) brighter and wider. The network has no widths, so each class of road is drawn at a width of its own. The railways in service are thin lines, km of mainline, S-Bahn and U-Bahn above ground; tunnels are left out. Contour lines every m show the relief on green spaces, forest and open land, from the 1 m terrain model. Streets and railways are drawn as they are today, in every year of the timeline: in 1900 the map still shows the motorway.","about.ground.2":"With the Heat lens, the street trees of the city's tree register, as read on 17 October 2026, lie on the ground as dots the size of their crowns, each appearing in the year it was planted: have a planting year from on; the other have none, or one before or after today that the map takes as unknown, and show only today. The register holds the trees standing today, so a tree felled before today never shows, in any year. The park trees are not in it.","about.ground.3":"The Berlin Cathedral's four corner towers, for which Wikipedia gives no figures, are measured in the city's surface model: the two by the Lustgarten rise to about m above the ground, the two by the Spree to m.","about.history":"History on the ground","about.history.1":"The History mode lays three layers on the ground, each switched on and off in the legend; the buildings standing in a layer shown keep their period colours as the timeline plays, the others step back. The Siedlungen der Berliner Moderne, UNESCO World Heritage since 2008: the estates of the inscription ( ha, with buildings) with their buffer zones ( ha), from the city's World Heritage map. A seventh estate, the Waldsiedlung Zehlendorf, was added in 2026; no licensed source gives its UNESCO boundary, so it is named and not drawn. Where an estate's own article and the overview's table give different years, the map takes the estate's own.","about.history.2":"Hobrecht's tenement belt as it stands today: Hobrecht's plan of 1862 exists only as a scan, so the map draws the blocks ( ha, with buildings) that the city's structure map of 2024 classes as courtyard blocks of the 1870s to 1918: what was built in the belt and still stands, not the plan.","about.history.3":"The Cold War showcases and large estates: areas, in the East and in the West by the map's own border of 1989 ( buildings): the two sections of the Karl-Marx-Allee, the Hansaviertel of the Interbau 1957 and the Corbusierhaus as the heritage register outlines them, Gropiusstadt, the Märkisches Viertel, Marzahn and Hellersdorf as the city's large estates. Every name, year and maker quotes the German Wikipedia article it comes from, checked row by row like the story.","about.intro.1":"Every building standing in Berlin today, with those of BER airport just beyond its border, in all, coloured by when it was built. Berlin publishes no year for each building, so each takes the best of several open sources, and every date says where it came from. Jahresringe is German for tree rings: Berlin grew in rings.","about.keys":"Using the map with a keyboard","about.keys.1":"Tab moves between the search box, the buttons, the legend and the timeline. The arrow keys move the map, with Shift they turn it; the + and - keys zoom. On the timeline the arrow keys change the year, Page Up and Page Down by ten years. Search opens any building's panel; Escape closes it and skips the story, and Space pauses and resumes the story. The map follows your system's setting for reduced motion: flights become cuts.","about.listed.1":"The Listed mode shows the buildings on Berlin's monument list: buildings of the map stand at least half inside one of the listed buildings' outlines of the city's monument map and keep their period colours; the rest step back. The monument map gives no years, so they keep the map's own dating; a card shows the inception Wikidata gives only where it agrees with it ( buildings). outlines hold no building of the 3D model (bridges, the Wall's remnants, statues) and are drawn as outlines; the ensembles, complexes, garden monuments and archaeological monuments lie on the ground as areas, named from Wikidata where an item carries their number. Each card links the monument's entry in the city's monument database.","about.privacy":"What leaves this site","about.privacy.1":"The map loads only its own files. One thing comes from elsewhere, and only when you ask for it: a building's photo, from Wikimedia Commons, when you open its panel ( buildings have one). Links to Wikipedia and Wikidata open those sites. There are no analytics, no cookies and no tracking. The language you pick, and whether you have seen the hint on turning the map, are kept in your browser's own storage, and nothing else is.","about.sources":"Sources and licences","about.sources.1":"Geoportal Berlin, Data licence Germany, Zero, version 2.0 (dl-de/zero-2.0): the 3D building model (LoD2); ALKIS buildings, districts and localities; the address list (Wohnlagen 2026); the street network (Detailnetz); the Umweltatlas city structure 2024, building-age survey of residential blocks, building and vegetation heights 2009/2010 and strategic noise map 2022; the building-age map 1992/93; the aerial photos since 2009; the map of the Berlin Wall; the blocks and districts of 1990 (ISU50); the building damage map of 1945; the railways and tunnels of the topographic model (ATKIS Basis-DLM); the terrain model (DGM1) and the surface model (DOM); the street tree register (Baumbestand); in the second face, the solar potential (Solarpotenzial, Solarrechner) with its listed buildings (data changed: classed by building, coloured by the map), the climate assessment 2022 (Klimabewertung) by day and at night (data changed: outlines simplified), the heating maps of 2000 and 2005 with their heat and power plants (Gebäudewärme), the fuel use of the plants of 2020, and the land values of the Gutachterausschuss für Grundstückswerte in Berlin, 2002 to 2026 (Bodenrichtwerte) (data changed: outlines simplified, overlapping zones resolved); in the History mode, the World Heritage sites (Welterbestätten), the heritage register's areas (Denkmale), the large estates (Großsiedlungen) and the city structure 2024's courtyard blocks (data changed: outlines simplified, tinted by the map).","about.sources.2":"Zensus 2022, © Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder, Data licence Germany, Attribution, version 2.0 (dl-de/by-2.0): buildings by construction period per grid square; in the second face, the net rent and the heating of buildings with homes per 100 m cell (data changed: classed by the map).","about.sources.3":"Wikidata (CC0): years, heights, article titles and images of notable buildings; the U-Bahn's stations and the days they opened.","about.sources.4":"OpenStreetMap contributors, Open Database License 1.0 (ODbL): construction years of buildings (start_date), exported on 14 October 2026; the U-Bahn and S-Bahn lines and the airfields' outlines and runways, exported on 15 October 2026. The years and shapes from it, and the map's data files insofar as they hold them, are available under the same licence.","about.sources.5":"OpenHistoricalMap contributors (CC0): construction years of buildings, many of them drawn from Geoportal Berlin / Berlin um 1900 (AISBer) under dl-de/by-2.0; the U-Bahn's tracks with the days they opened and closed.","about.sources.6":"GeoBasis-DE/LGB, Data licence Germany, Attribution, version 2.0 (dl-de/by-2.0): BER's buildings from Brandenburg's 3D building model (© GeoBasis-DE/LGB, dl-de/by-2-0, data changed: dated by the map).","about.sources.7":"Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0): the introductions in the panel, in English or German, credited under each; the facts of the story's captions in both languages, linked; the dimensions of the five landmark models; the S-Bahn's stations and the days their service began, the divided network and the airfields' dates, quoted; the names, years and makers of the History mode's estates and showcases, quoted.","about.sources.8":"Wikimedia Commons: the panel photos, each credited with its author and licence.","about.test":"How good the estimates are","about.test.1":"To test the estimates, the buildings with an exact year were dated again as if they had none. % landed in the right period, a median of years off:","about.test.2":"Estimated from","about.test.3":"Buildings","about.test.4":"Right period","about.test.5":"Median years off","about.test.6":"These buildings, dated in OpenHistoricalMap, OpenStreetMap and Wikidata and many of them landmarks, are not a fair sample of the city's homes, so the figures say more about old and notable buildings than about the average house. The buildings dated by OpenStreetMap are the most ordinary of them: for these the estimates land in the right period % of the time.","about.test.7":"Fifty famous buildings were checked by hand: all show the right period ( without the years checked against Wikipedia, kept in the code with a quote from each article). The estimated homes add up, per district and period, to the census totals: of within the census's own blurring.","about.thin":"Where the data is thin","about.thin.1":"OpenStreetMap's building years come from an export of 14 October 2026, because its servers cannot be reached from where the map is built: buildings tagged with a start date, of them naming one year. Ranges such as 1909..1912 and approximate years are left out; buildings take their year from it.","about.thin.2":"The 1992/93 map and the 1945 survey cover the inner city only.","about.thin.3":"Heights come from Berlin's 3D city model, measured from the lowest ground point to the highest roof point; it can leave out a spire or a dome, or a tower built since. Where Wikidata gives a building's height ( buildings), the panel shows that instead. Of the fifty famous buildings, have a height on Wikipedia or Wikidata; the model is more than a tenth lower for and higher for .","about.thin.4":"Noise is calculated for residential buildings only ( of them): the level at the loudest facade, over day, evening and night together (L_DEN), from the strategic noise map of 2022.","about.thin.5":"Close up, every building has the roofs of the 3D city model: pitched, hipped and mansard roofs and towers. From afar, buildings are simplified blocks. The model cannot describe a few landmarks: the Fernsehturm's sphere and antenna, the Funkturm, the Siegessäule's column with its Victoria, and the domes of the Berlin Cathedral and the Reichstag are simple shapes drawn from the dimensions in their Wikipedia articles, each quoted in the code.","about.title":"About Jahresringe","about.transit":"Transit and airfields","about.transit.1":"The Transit mode lays the U-Bahn and the S-Bahn on the ground and lets the timeline build them: each stretch appears in the year it opened, coloured by its period like the buildings, from the first U-Bahn of 1902 to the S15 of 2026 ( km of U-Bahn track and km of S-Bahn track as drawn, both tracks counted). km of the U-Bahn come with their dates from OpenHistoricalMap; the rest of it, and the S-Bahn, take the day their stations opened, the S-Bahn from the day its electric service began there, as Wikipedia's list of its stations gives it.","about.transit.2":"From 13 August 1961 the network was cut at the Wall: the stretches across it are drawn faint and dashed until they reopened, and the stations under East Berlin that the West's U6, U8 and north-south S-Bahn passed without stopping are crossed rings until each reopened, from Jannowitzbrücke on 11 November 1989 to Potsdamer Platz in 1992. The West's S-Bahn shrank after the strike of 1980; after the BVG took it over in January 1984 most of it stood still for months, some lines for years; the ring closed again only in 2002. Each of these changes quotes the Wikipedia article it comes from. Only today's network is drawn: lines out of service today, such as the Siemensbahn (closed in 1980, being rebuilt), are not.","about.transit.3":"The airfields show while in use and as a faint dashed outline after: Johannisthal from 1909, Staaken, Tempelhof from 1923 with the runways the Airlift built, Gatow, Schönefeld, Tegel from 1948 and BER from 2020, with their runways. BER's runway numbers show at their ends; Tempelhof's and Tegel's are known only as they were when the airports closed, and their labels say so. Tempelhof's first runway, in the middle of the field and closed by 1954, has no outline in an open source and is not drawn; the two drawn ones open on 12 September and 23 November 1948. Johannisthal, Staaken, Gatow and Schönefeld have no outline in an open source and are marked by a ring. BER's buildings come from Brandenburg's 3D model and are dated as built for the airport between 2006 and 2020; the map's ground stops at Berlin's border.","about.transit.4":"The trams join them: OpenHistoricalMap's tram ways ( km, each track counted), each with the opening and removal its contributors give. of them are dated; the others lack an opening, or lack a removal while off today's tracks, and are drawn dotted in every year the data cannot rule out: from their opening, or from the first horse tram on 22 June 1865, to their removal, in West Berlin at the latest to its last tram on 2 October 1967. West Berlin's trams went between 1953 and 1967 ( km of ways drawn in 1960, none in 1968), while East Berlin kept km in 1989. km of today's tracks (ATKIS) are not in that history and show in today's year only. The diamonds are events from the project's tram table, each from its source, marked where it still needs checking. Three station dates are corrected with quotes from Wikipedia: Zoologischer Garten's U-Bahn opened on 11 March 1902, Kottbusser Tor's on 18 February 1902 (the ministers had ridden on the 15th), and the S-Bahn station where the Hauptbahnhof stands was the Lehrter Stadtbahnhof until the Hauptbahnhof opened in 2006.","about.year":"How a building gets its year","about.year.1":"The sources are tried in turn, from exact years to estimates. A building takes the first that dates it.","about.year.2":"Source","about.year.3":"Buildings","about.year.4":"Only buildings (%) have an exact year, from Wikidata, OpenStreetMap and OpenHistoricalMap, many of them landmarks. The rest are estimates and read as such: a period or a decade (\"1950s, estimated\"), with a year only where the aerial photos give one within a few years (\"c. 2014\"). Weak estimates, from the type of city block or from the neighbouring buildings, are greyed on the map. Of the buildings dated by their neighbours, are garages and sheds under 50 m², drawn in one neutral tone.","about.year.5":"The 2022 census counts buildings with homes by construction period in every 1 km and 100 m square but does not say which is which; the buildings with homes in each 1 km square share out its counts, guided by the 100 m squares' counts, the 1992/93 map, the aerial photos and each building's form. The 1992/93 building-age map and the 2016 map of residential building age cover the inner city and residential blocks.","airfield.ber":"BER Airport","airfield.gatow":"Gatow airfield","airfield.johannisthal":"Johannisthal airfield","airfield.schoenefeld":"Schönefeld Airport","airfield.staaken":"Staaken airfield","airfield.tegel":"Tegel Airport","airfield.tempelhof":"Tempelhof Airport","airfield.tempelhof.third":"Not drawn: its first paved runway, laid after 1945 in the middle of the field and closed by 1954","cell.heating":"Heating","cell.mostly":"{what}: {k} of {n} buildings with homes","cell.note":"The cell's values, not one building's.","cell.rent":"Net rent","cell.rentUncertain":"€{v} per m², {n} rented flats (uncertain)","cell.rentValue":"€{v} per m², {n} rented flats","cell.small":"{v} (small counts, adjusted at random by the census)","cell.title":"100 m census cell, 2022","cell.withheld":"{n} buildings with homes, counts withheld or zero","clock.census":"Census {year}","clock.climate":"Climate model {year}","clock.heating":"Heating map {year}","clock.land":"Land values, 1 January {year}","clock.one":"This lens has one year","clock.solar":"Solar model, made in {year}","compass.hint":"To turn and tilt the map, drag the compass, or drag the map with Ctrl or Alt held.","compass.hintTouch":"To turn and tilt the map, use two fingers, or drag the compass.","compass.label":"Compass: drag it to turn and tilt the map, or use the arrow keys; click for north up","dates.about":"c. {y}","dates.before":"before {y}","dates.decade":"{y}s","dates.estimated":"{text}, estimated","dates.since":"since {y}","energy.area":"Heated floor area","energy.block":"Block, heating map of {year}","energy.c.coal":"coal","energy.c.district":"district heat","energy.c.gas":"gas","energy.c.night":"night-storage electricity","energy.c.oil":"oil","energy.main":"Main heating","energy.noData":"No heated area recorded","energy.note":"The block's values, as the Umweltatlas gives them, not one building's.","energy.passport":"Heating of its block","energy.plants":"Heat and power plants of {year}, sized by their share of the fuel used","energy.plants2020":"Heat and power plants of 2020","energy.shares":"Share of heated floor area","face.cost":"What it costs","face.grew":"When it grew","face.group":"The map's two faces","fuel.biogas":"biogas","fuel.gas":"natural gas","fuel.hardCoal":"hard coal","fuel.heavyOil":"heavy fuel oil","fuel.landfillGas":"landfill gas","fuel.lightOil":"light fuel oil","fuel.lignite":"lignite","fuel.oil":"fuel oil","fuel.other":"other","fuel.wood":"wood","ground.contours":"Contours every {step} m","ground.railways":"Railways","ground.streets":"Streets, main roads brighter","ground.title":"On the ground","ground.today":"Streets and railways as today, in every year.","ground.trees":"Street trees","ground.treesNote":"The tree register holds today's street trees only: {withYear} with a planting year, {withoutYear} without.","heat.atNight":"At night","heat.block":"Block, the city's climate model of {year}","heat.byDay":"By day","heat.day":"Day, PET at 14:00","heat.night":"Night, air at 04:00","heat.note":"Indicative: the city's model; the area's values, not one building's.","heat.street":"Street area, the city's climate model of {year}","heat.when":"Day or night","history.belt.name":"Hobrecht's tenement belt","history.belt.who":"Hobrecht's plan of 1862 laid out the streets; the tenements with back courtyards filled them","history.belt.years":"The blocks of the 1870s to 1918 standing today","history.block":"Courtyard block","history.blockNote":"A block of the city's structure map of 2024, as it stands today; words from the German Wikipedia article \"{article}\".","history.britz.name":"Horseshoe Estate, Britz","history.britz.who":"Designed by Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner","history.britz.years":"Built 1925 to 1933","history.bufferNote":"The buffer zone around the World Heritage estate, as the city's World Heritage map draws it.","history.bufferOf":"Buffer zone of {name}","history.carllegien.name":"Carl Legien Estate","history.carllegien.who":"Designed by Bruno Taut and Franz Hillinger","history.carllegien.years":"Built 1928 to 1930","history.corbusierhaus.name":"Corbusierhaus","history.corbusierhaus.who":"Le Corbusier's Unité d'habitation for the Interbau, whose designs some read as West Berlin's answer to East Berlin's new buildings","history.corbusierhaus.years":"Built 1956 to 1958","history.count.belt":"{n} blocks","history.count.estates":"{n} estates","history.count.showcases":"{n} areas","history.estates.name":"Siedlungen der Berliner Moderne","history.estates.who":"Six estates of the 1910s to 1930s; a seventh, the Waldsiedlung Zehlendorf, was added in 2026 and is not drawn","history.estates.years":"UNESCO World Heritage since July 2008","history.falkenberg.name":"Falkenberg Garden City","history.falkenberg.who":"Designed by Bruno Taut","history.falkenberg.years":"Built 1913 to 1916","history.gropiusstadt.name":"Gropiusstadt","history.gropiusstadt.who":"A large estate in West Berlin","history.gropiusstadt.years":"Built 1962 to 1975","history.hansaviertel.name":"Hansaviertel, Interbau 1957","history.hansaviertel.who":"A showpiece of modern town planning","history.hansaviertel.years":"Built 1955 to 1960","history.hellersdorf.name":"Hellersdorf","history.hellersdorf.who":"A large prefabricated estate","history.hellersdorf.years":"The new estate of the 1980s","history.kma1.name":"Karl-Marx-Allee, first section (Stalinallee)","history.kma1.who":"The GDR's showpiece street","history.kma1.years":"Built in the 1950s","history.kma2.name":"Karl-Marx-Allee, second section","history.kma2.who":"Prefabricated buildings of the 1960s, with the redesign of Alexanderplatz","history.kma2.years":"Finished in the late 1960s","history.legend.block":"Courtyard block, 1870s to 1918","history.legend.buffer":"Its buffer zone","history.legend.east":"East Berlin","history.legend.estate":"World Heritage estate","history.legend.west":"West Berlin","history.loading":"Loading the layers","history.lp.east":"East Berlin","history.lp.estates":"UNESCO World Heritage","history.lp.west":"West Berlin","history.maerkisches.name":"Märkisches Viertel","history.maerkisches.who":"About 17,000 flats for up to 50,000 people","history.maerkisches.years":"Built 1963 to 1974","history.marzahn.name":"Marzahn","history.marzahn.who":"The largest estate in the GDR, mostly prefabricated","history.marzahn.years":"From 1977","history.note":"Outlines from Geoportal Berlin (dl-de/zero-2.0), simplified by 1 m. The tenement belt is the blocks standing today, not Hobrecht's plan of 1862, which exists only as a scan. Names, years and makers quote German Wikipedia, checked row by row.","history.schillerpark.name":"Schillerpark Estate","history.schillerpark.who":"Designed by Bruno Taut","history.schillerpark.years":"Built from 1924","history.showcases.name":"Showcases and large estates, East and West","history.showcases.who":"East Berlin's Stalinallee and West Berlin's Interbau, which some read as the West's answer to it. The West built large estates from the 1960s, the East from the 1970s","history.showcases.years":"From 1949","history.siemensstadt.name":"Siemensstadt Estate (Ring Estate)","history.siemensstadt.who":"Laid out by Hans Scharoun, with Walter Gropius and others","history.siemensstadt.years":"Built 1929 to 1931","history.source":"From the German Wikipedia article \"{article}\"; outline: Geoportal Berlin.","history.src.belt":"Sources: Geoportal Berlin (Stadtstruktur 2024, Umweltatlas, types 1 to 3); Wikipedia, \"Hobrecht-Plan\" and \"Mietskaserne\".","history.src.estates":"Sources: Geoportal Berlin (Welterbestätten Berlin); Wikipedia, \"Siedlungen der Berliner Moderne\" and each estate's article.","history.src.showcases":"Sources: Geoportal Berlin (Denkmale, Großsiedlungen); Wikipedia, each area's article. East or West by the map's border of 1989.","history.tenement.name":"Tenement","history.tenement.who":"A many-storeyed city house with one or more courtyards, for workers and clerks","history.tenement.years":"From industrialisation","history.type":"Type","history.type.1":"Dense courtyard blocks, closed back courtyard (1870s to 1918), 5 to 6 storeys","history.type.2":"Closed blocks, back courtyard (1870s to 1918), 5 storeys","history.type.3":"Closed and half-open blocks, ornamental and garden courtyard (1870s to 1918), 4 storeys","history.unit":"Switch a layer on or off. Buildings in a layer shown keep their period colours; the others step back.","history.weissestadt.name":"White City","history.weissestadt.who":"Designed by Otto Rudolf Salvisberg, Bruno Ahrends and Wilhelm Büning","history.weissestadt.years":"Built 1928 to 1931","land.euros":"€{v} per m²","land.gfz":"Floor area ratio","land.note":"The zone's average for land of its use, not a price paid for one plot.","land.passport":"Land value, 1 January {year}","land.use":"Use","land.use.0":"Forest","land.use.1":"Commercial","land.use.10":"Grassland","land.use.11":"Farmland","land.use.12":"Market gardening","land.use.13":"Grassland","land.use.14":"Grassland","land.use.15":"Grassland","land.use.16":"Mixed building land","land.use.17":"Core area","land.use.18":"Retail centre","land.use.19":"Mixed area","land.use.2":"Commercial","land.use.20":"Special: leisure and tourism","land.use.21":"Weekend houses","land.use.22":"Other land","land.use.23":"Cemetery","land.use.24":"Allotment gardens","land.use.25":"Other land: special use","land.use.26":"Sports ground","land.use.27":"Residential","land.use.28":"Residential","land.use.29":"Residential: one- and two-family houses","land.use.3":"Commercial: leisure and tourism","land.use.30":"Residential: apartment buildings","land.use.4":"Commercial: retail and services","land.use.5":"Public use","land.use.6":"Commercial: production","land.use.7":"Farmland","land.use.8":"Market gardening","land.use.9":"Forest","land.value":"Land value","land.zone":"Land value zone, 1 January {year}","lang.de":"German","lang.en":"English","lang.group":"Language","layers.1989":"1989","layers.damage.1":"No damage marked","layers.damage.2":"Damaged, repairable","layers.damage.3":"Destroyed","layers.later":"{site}; built later","layers.sector.1":"East Berlin, Soviet sector","layers.sector.2":"West Berlin, American sector","layers.sector.3":"West Berlin, British sector","layers.sector.4":"West Berlin, French sector","layers.sector.5":"East Germany (West Staaken)","layers.site.1":"No damage marked","layers.site.2":"Site marked damaged","layers.site.3":"Site marked destroyed","layers.strip":"Stood in the death strip","layers.stripLater":"Built on the former death strip","layers.survey":"1945 survey","layers.wall":"Wall","legend.aria":"Legend","legend.borderWall":"The border wall","legend.deathStrip":"The death strip","legend.hinterlandWall":"The hinterland wall","legend.mode.0":"Period","legend.mode.2":"Noise","legend.mode.3":"1989","legend.mode.4":"1945","legend.mode.5":"Transit","legend.mode.6":"History","legend.mode.7":"Listed","legend.modes":"Colour the buildings by","legend.sector":"{name} sector","legend.title.0":"Built in","legend.title.2":"Noise at home","legend.title.3":"Berlin in 1989","legend.title.4":"Damage in 1945","legend.title.5":"U-Bahn, S-Bahn and trams by the year they opened","legend.title.5line":"U-Bahn and S-Bahn by line, trams by period","legend.title.6":"Layers of history","legend.title.7":"Listed monuments by when they were built","lens.areas":"Counted in blocks and street areas, the city's model of {year}","lens.blocks":"Counted in blocks, the heating map of {year}","lens.buildings":"Counted in buildings, the city's model, made in {year}","lens.cells":"Counted in 100 m census cells, {year}","lens.changed":"Data changed: classed by the map.","lens.changedAreas":"Data changed: outlines simplified by 1 m.","lens.changedBlocks":"Data changed: outlines simplified by 2 m.","lens.changedZones":"Data changed: overlapping zones resolved, outlines simplified by 2 m.","lens.documented":"As published","lens.energy.c0":"District heating","lens.energy.c1":"Gas","lens.energy.c2":"Heating oil","lens.energy.c3":"Coal","lens.energy.c4":"Night-storage electricity","lens.energy.c5":"Mixed: no carrier predominant","lens.energy.note":"2000 and 2005: the share of each block's heated floor area by carrier, from the Umweltatlas, with the city's own predominant type (a carrier over 40% and more than 20 points ahead of the next). 2022: buildings with homes per 100 m cell by their main heating, from the census, hatched where the published counts cover under half of a cell's buildings. They measure different things on different areas: compare the pictures, not the numbers. Plants: each fuel's share of the plant's use (2000, 2004) or the fuels the layer lists for it (2020); amounts are not shown (no unit stated), nor CO2 (its year unclear).","lens.energy.title":"Heating, 2000 to 2022","lens.group":"Lenses","lens.heat":"Heat","lens.heatDay.c0":"29 °C or less: weak heat stress","lens.heatDay.c1":"29 to 31 °C: moderate","lens.heatDay.c2":"31 to 33 °C: moderate","lens.heatDay.c3":"33 to 35 °C: moderate","lens.heatDay.c4":"35 to 37 °C: strong","lens.heatDay.c5":"37 to 39 °C: strong","lens.heatDay.c6":"39 to 41 °C: strong","lens.heatDay.c7":"41 to 42 °C: extreme","lens.heatDay.c8":"Over 42 °C: extreme","lens.heatDay.note":"The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) at 14:00 on a clear summer day, mean over each block and street area, from the city's climate model of 2022, in the city's own classes and colours, the darkest lightened for the dark map and one yellow deepened to tell it from the first (indicative: a model). Counts: areas.","lens.heatDay.title":"Heat by day","lens.heatNight.c0":"17 °C or less: very favourable","lens.heatNight.c1":"17 to 18 °C: favourable","lens.heatNight.c2":"18 to 19 °C: less favourable","lens.heatNight.c3":"Over 19 °C: unfavourable","lens.heatNight.note":"The air temperature at 04:00 on a clear summer night, mean over each block and street area, from the city's climate model of 2022, in the city's own classes and colours (indicative: a model). Counts: areas.","lens.heatNight.title":"Heat at night","lens.heating":"Heating","lens.heating.c0":"District heating","lens.heating.c1":"Gas","lens.heating.c2":"Heating oil","lens.heating.c3":"Heat pumps, solar, geothermal","lens.heating.c4":"Electricity","lens.heating.c5":"Wood and biomass","lens.heating.c6":"Coal","lens.heating.c7":"No heating","lens.indicative":"indicative","lens.inferred":"Inferred","lens.land":"Land value","lens.land.c0":"Under 25","lens.land.c1":"25 to 100","lens.land.c2":"100 to 200","lens.land.c3":"200 to 400","lens.land.c4":"400 to 800","lens.land.c5":"800 to 1,600","lens.land.c6":"1,600 to 3,200","lens.land.c7":"3,200 to 6,400","lens.land.c8":"6,400 and more","lens.land.note":"The land values (Bodenrichtwerte) of the Gutachterausschuss für Grundstückswerte in Berlin, in euros per m² of land, zone by zone on 1 January of each year from 2002 (earlier years exist only as scans in DM). A zone's value is an average for land of its use, not a price paid for one plot. Where zones overlap the smallest is drawn. Counts: zone areas as drawn.","lens.land.title":"Land value","lens.land.unit":"€ per m² of land","lens.loading":"Loading the lens","lens.modelled":"Modelled: indicative","lens.rent":"Rent","lens.rent.c0":"Under 6","lens.rent.c1":"6-7","lens.rent.c2":"7-8","lens.rent.c3":"8-9","lens.rent.c4":"9-10","lens.rent.c5":"10-12","lens.rent.c6":"12 and more","lens.rent.note":"The average net rent per m² of the rented flats in each 100 m cell, 2022 census. Hatched: the census marks the value as uncertain. Cells without a value have no rented flats or had it withheld.","lens.rent.title":"Net rent, € per m²","lens.solar":"Solar","lens.solar.c0":"High suitability","lens.solar.c1":"Medium suitability","lens.solar.c2":"Low suitability","lens.solar.c3":"Listed, suitable roof: needs heritage consent","lens.solar.c4":"Listed, no suitable roof","lens.solar.c5":"No suitable roof, or no data","lens.solar.note":"Each building takes the suitability of most of its suitable roof area. The city's model, made from its 3D city model in 2025, so indicative, coloured for this map. Listed buildings carry the solar layer's own flag: panels on a listed building need the heritage authority's consent, given case by case. Counts: buildings.","lens.solar.title":"Solar potential of the roofs","lens.source":"Source:","lens.uncertain":"Uncertain","lens.withheld":"No value: withheld or zero","lens.zones":"Counted in zone areas as drawn, 1 January {year}, € per m² of land","listed.areaNote":"From the city's monument map; name from Wikidata.","listed.byPeriod":"Listed buildings by period","listed.kind.complex":"Complex","listed.kind.ensemble":"Ensemble","listed.kind.garden":"Garden monument","listed.kind.ground":"Archaeological monument","listed.kind.structure":"Listed structure","listed.layer.buildings":"Listed buildings and structures","listed.layer.ensembles":"Ensembles and complexes","listed.layer.gardens":"Garden and archaeological monuments","listed.legend.ensemble":"Ensemble or complex","listed.legend.garden":"Garden monument","listed.legend.ground":"Archaeological monument","listed.legend.structure":"Listed structure that is no building: a bridge, a wall, a monument","listed.loading":"Loading the monument list","listed.lp":"Listed monument","listed.note":"The city's monument map gives no years, so the buildings keep the map's own dating. {structures} of the {monuments} listed buildings' outlines hold no building of the 3D model and are drawn as outlines.","listed.number":"Number","listed.type":"Type","listed.unit":"Switch a layer on or off. Listed buildings keep their period colours; the others step back.","loading":"Loading the city","loading.failed":"The map could not load. Reload the page to try again.","mode.damage.c0":"Destroyed","mode.damage.c1":"Damaged, repairable","mode.damage.c2":"No damage marked","mode.damage.c3":"Built after 1945","mode.damage.c4":"No 1945 survey here","mode.damage.note":"From the survey of 1945, inner city only. It marks groups of buildings: one standing today on a site marked destroyed was rebuilt, restored or survived in part.","mode.divided.c0":"East","mode.divided.c1":"West","mode.divided.c2":"In the former death strip","mode.divided.note":"The Wall and the death strip from Berlin's map of 1989, the sectors from its districts of 1990. West Staaken, part of East Germany until 1990, counts as East.","mode.divided.sector.1":"Soviet","mode.divided.sector.2":"American","mode.divided.sector.3":"British","mode.divided.sector.4":"French","mode.noise.c0":"Under 55 dB","mode.noise.c1":"55-59 dB","mode.noise.c2":"60-64 dB","mode.noise.c3":"65-69 dB","mode.noise.c4":"70-74 dB","mode.noise.c5":"75 dB and more","mode.noise.neutral":"Not a home","mode.noise.note":"Calculated for residential buildings only: the loudest facade, day, evening and night (L_DEN, 2022). Other buildings stay neutral.","mode.period.note":"Greyed buildings: date estimated from the block type or neighbouring buildings, or built for BER","notice.failed":"This area did not load.","notice.retry":"Try again","nowebgl.about":"How every building got its year","nowebgl.alt":"The map: central Berlin from above, its buildings coloured by the period they were built, the tenements of 1870-1918 in orange, post-war buildings in greens and blues, those built since 2010 in teal.","nowebgl.text":"Jahresringe draws Berlin's buildings in 3D with WebGL 2, which is switched off or missing here. Above is how the map looks. A recent Chrome, Firefox, Safari or Edge, with hardware acceleration on, will show it.","nowebgl.title":"This browser cannot draw the map","page.canvas":"3D map of Berlin's buildings. Arrow keys move the map, with Shift they turn it; the + and - keys zoom.","page.dek":"Every building in Berlin, by the year it grew.","panel.aria":"Building","panel.building":"A building","panel.close":"Close","panel.height":"Height","panel.heightModel":"{h} m (3D model)","panel.listed":"Listed","panel.listedLink":"Monument database","panel.listedValue":"Listed building, no. {id}","panel.listedYear":"Wikidata's date","panel.listedYearValue":"{year} (inception)","panel.more":"More below","panel.noise":"Noise","panel.noiseValue":"{db} dB at the loudest facade","panel.photo":"Photo: {author}, Wikimedia Commons","panel.readWikipedia":"Read on Wikipedia","panel.readWikipediaOther":"Read on Wikipedia, in German","panel.storeys":"Storeys","panel.use":"Use","passport.area":"Its area","passport.block":"block, indicative","passport.cell":"100 m cell","passport.groups":"groups of buildings","passport.heatBlock":"block, 2000 and 2005","passport.own":"This building","passport.zone":"zone","pct":"{p}%","period.p1.label":"Before 1870","period.p1.story":"Old Berlin: medieval core, baroque, Schinkel","period.p10.label":"2010-today","period.p10.story":"Growth city: Europacity, Mediaspree","period.p2.label":"1870-1918","period.p2.story":"Imperial capital: Hobrecht's tenement city","period.p3.label":"1919-1949","period.p3.story":"Weimar modernism, Nazi era, war","period.p4.label":"1950s","period.p4.story":"Rebuilding: Stalinallee, Interbau","period.p5.label":"1960s","period.p5.story":"The Wall years: Gropiusstadt, the TV Tower","period.p6.label":"1970s","period.p6.story":"Big estates: Märkisches Viertel, Marzahn begins","period.p7.label":"1980s","period.p7.story":"Plattenbau and the IBA","period.p8.label":"1990s","period.p8.story":"Reunification boom: Potsdamer Platz","period.p9.label":"2000s","period.p9.story":"New capital: government quarter, main station","plant.fuels":"Fuels","plant.note":"Shares of the fuel used. Amounts are not shown (no unit stated), nor CO2 (its year unclear).","plant.note2020":"The fuels the layer lists for 2020; the layer states no unit for their amounts.","plant.operator":"Operator","plant.part":"Its part","plant.partValue":"{p}% of the fuel these plants used in {year}","plant.t.blockChp":"Block heat and power plant","plant.t.boiler":"Boiler plant","plant.t.chp":"Combined heat and power plant","plant.t.districtHeating":"District heating plant","plant.t.heating":"Heating plant","plant.t.other":"Plant","plant.t.power":"Power plant","plant.t.woodChp":"Wood-fired heat and power plant","plant.title":"Heat or power plant, {year}","plant.type":"Type","search.address":"Address","search.label":"Search for an address, a landmark or a street","search.landmark":"Landmark","search.nearest":"Number {n} is not listed; this is the nearest on the same side","search.none":"Nothing found","search.placeholder":"Address, landmark or street","search.results":"Search results","search.street":"Street","sheds.label":"Garages and sheds","sheds.story":"Under 50 m² and dated only by the buildings around them","solar.consent":"{what}: solar panels need heritage consent","solar.flag":"the solar layer's flag","solar.listed":"Heritage","solar.none":"No suitable roof","solar.note":"Indicative: the city's model. Click for the roof's area.","solar.roof":"Solar roof","solar.roofValue":"{what}: {m2} m² suitable, {n} standard modules","solar.title":"Solar potential, the city's model, made in {year}","solar.type.0":"Listed building","solar.type.1":"Ensemble","solar.type.2":"Complex","solar.type.3":"Garden monument","solar.type.4":"Listed","source.0.how":"The year comes from Wikidata.","source.0.label":"Year from Wikidata","source.1.how":"The year comes from OpenStreetMap (© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL).","source.1.label":"Year from OpenStreetMap","source.10.how":"Built for BER airport, between the start of its construction in 2006 and its opening on 31 October 2020; from Brandenburg's 3D building model (© GeoBasis-DE/LGB, dl-de/by-2-0, Daten geändert).","source.10.label":"Built for BER, estimated","source.2.how":"The year comes from OpenHistoricalMap.","source.2.label":"Year from OpenHistoricalMap","source.3.how":"Built since 2009: its roof first appears on the city's aerial photo of {year}.","source.3.label":"Built since 2009, year from aerial photos","source.4.how":"Its period comes from Berlin's building-age map of 1992/93.","source.4.label":"Period from the 1992/93 building-age map","source.5.how":"Estimated from the 2022 census, which counts buildings with homes by age for each square kilometre and 100 m square.","source.5.label":"Estimated from the 2022 census for this square","source.6.how":"Estimated from the city's 2016 map of residential building age for this block.","source.6.label":"Estimated from the 2016 map of residential building age for this block","source.7.how":"Estimated from the type of its city block.","source.7.label":"Estimated from the type of city block","source.8.how":"Estimated from the buildings around it.","source.8.label":"Estimated from neighbouring buildings","source.9.how":"The year was checked by hand against Wikipedia.","source.9.label":"Year checked against Wikipedia","story.1945.caption":"Heavy bombing from 1943 and the battle for the city, which ended on 2 May 1945, left 600,000 flats destroyed and only a quarter of all homes undamaged.","story.1945.eyebrow":"1945","story.1945.note":"Buildings older than 1945 coloured by the survey of 1945: destroyed, damaged or no damage marked.","story.1945.title":"1945","story.airlift.caption":"From 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949 the Soviet Union blocked the roads, railways and canals to West Berlin, and until 30 September 1949 the Western Allies supplied the city by air, through Gatow, Tempelhof and Tegel, built in 90 days. In all about 2.1 million tonnes came, just over two thirds of it coal.","story.airlift.eyebrow":"1948-1949","story.airlift.note":"Airfields with their runways, and the U-Bahn and S-Bahn as they ran. Tempelhof began the Airlift with one runway, which is not drawn; the south runway followed in September 1948, the north one in November.","story.airlift.title":"The Airlift","story.greater.caption":"In 1920 the Greater Berlin Act joined Berlin, seven towns, among them Charlottenburg, Spandau and Köpenick, 59 villages and 27 estate districts into one city. Some of its new estates, such as Bruno Taut's Horseshoe Estate of 1925-33, are now a World Heritage Site.","story.greater.eyebrow":"1919-1949","story.greater.title":"Greater Berlin","story.old.caption":"Berlin began as twin towns on the Spree: Cölln is first recorded in 1237, Berlin in 1244. Most of what stands from before 1870 is the royal city, from the Gendarmenmarkt of 1688 to the museums begun on Museum Island in 1830.","story.old.eyebrow":"Before 1870","story.old.title":"Old Berlin","story.play":"Play the story","story.tenements.caption":"Hobrecht's plan of 1862 laid out the streets of a city for the next fifty years, and speculators filled its blocks with tenements around courtyards. Berlin passed one million people in 1877 and two million in 1905.","story.tenements.eyebrow":"1870-1918","story.tenements.title":"The tenement city","story.today.caption":"The Wall fell on 9 November 1989, and the city grew back across its line. Potsdamer Platz was rebuilt from the 1990s, the Chancellery opened in 2001 and the main station in 2006, with the Europacity rising north of it.","story.today.eyebrow":"1989-today","story.today.note":"Lit: buildings standing on the former death strip.","story.today.title":"1989 to today","story.ubahn.caption":"The Wall of 13 August 1961 also severed the U-Bahn and S-Bahn and split the U2 in two, while the U6, the U8 and the S-Bahn's north-south tunnel ran on under East Berlin, passing its ghost stations without stopping. Only at Friedrichstraße, a border crossing, could passengers get off; after the Wall fell, the ghost stations opened again.","story.ubahn.eyebrow":"1961-1989","story.ubahn.note":"The Wall of 1989 on the ground; dashed where no trains ran, ringed where they passed without stopping.","story.ubahn.title":"The divided U-Bahn","story.wall.caption":"On 13 August 1961 East Germany began to build the Wall around West Berlin. Both halves built anew: the Stalinallee of the 1950s in the East, the Hansaviertel in the West for 1957, then estates such as the Märkisches Viertel, built from 1963 to 1974, and Marzahn from 1977.","story.wall.eyebrow":"1950-1988","story.wall.note":"The Wall of 1989 on the ground.","story.wall.title":"The Wall","timeline.count":"{n} buildings","timeline.pause":"Pause","timeline.play":"Play","timeline.slider":"Year: buildings standing by then; drag or use the arrow keys","timeline.today":"Today","tools.about":"About","tools.aria":"Map","tools.home":"Home","tools.homeTitle":"Back to the opening view, north up","tools.legend":"Legend","tour.act":"{n} of {m}: {eyebrow}","tour.aria":"The story","tour.back":"Back","tour.controls":"Story controls","tour.next":"Next","tour.pause":"Pause","tour.resume":"Resume","tour.skip":"Skip","tour.sources":"Sources","tour.steps":"Act {n} of {m}","tour.wikipedia":"Wikipedia, {title}","tour.wikipediaOther":"Wikipedia (German), {title}","tram.byWestLast":"by {y} at the latest, when West Berlin's last tram ran","tram.dated":"Dated way","tram.event":"Tram","tram.event.1865-first-horse-tram":"First horse tram, from the Brandenburg Gate to Charlottenburg","tram.event.1881-first-electric-tram":"The world's first electric tram, in Groß-Lichterfelde","tram.event.1895-electric-wollankstrasse":"An electric tram runs along the Wollankstraße","tram.event.1902-all-electric":"The whole network runs on electricity","tram.event.1929-bvg":"The BVG takes over the city's transport","tram.event.1938-network":"71 tram lines and over 600 km of network","tram.event.1945-trams-again":"The first trams run again","tram.event.1945-war-stop":"War damage halts the whole network","tram.event.1949-bvg-split":"The BVG splits into West and East","tram.event.1953-east-west-cut":"No more trams between East and West","tram.event.1954-kurfuerstendamm":"The last tram on the Kurfürstendamm","tram.event.1954-west-decision":"West Berlin decides to replace its trams with buses","tram.event.1963-line-44":"Line 44 and four more lines close","tram.event.1964-line-2":"Line 2 along Alt-Moabit closes","tram.event.1967-alexanderplatz-closed":"Trams leave Alexanderplatz","tram.event.1967-last-west-tram":"West Berlin's last tram, line 55","tram.event.1979-marzahn":"New line 18 opens up Marzahn","tram.event.1988-falkenberg":"Trams run on to Falkenberg in Hohenschönhausen","tram.event.1991-hellersdorf":"A new line from Marzahn into Hellersdorf","tram.event.1992-bvg-reunited":"BVG and BVB become one company again","tram.event.1995-back-to-the-west":"Trams cross back into the West over the Bösebrücke","tram.event.1997-am-kupfergraben":"The Am Kupfergraben loop reopens, now with a stop at Friedrichstraße","tram.event.1998-alexanderplatz-again":"Trams cross Alexanderplatz again","tram.event.2000-warschauer-strasse":"Over the Warschauer Brücke to Warschauer Straße","tram.event.2006-nordbahnhof":"Along Bernauer Straße to Nordbahnhof","tram.event.2011-adlershof":"Trams reach the Adlershof science city","tram.event.2014-hauptbahnhof":"The first tram to the Hauptbahnhof","tram.event.2015-hauptbahnhof-regular":"M5, M8 and M10 run to the Hauptbahnhof","tram.event.2021-schoeneweide":"A new line from Adlershof to Schöneweide","tram.event.2023-turmstrasse":"The M10 reaches Turmstraße in Moabit","tram.eventSource":"Source: {sites}","tram.kind":"Tram","tram.legend.dated":"Tram way, in the colour of the period it opened in","tram.legend.event":"A tram event, from its day","tram.legend.removed":"Tram way after it was removed","tram.legend.undated":"Tram way the data does not date: drawn in every year it may have run","tram.needsChecking":"Needs checking","tram.needsCheckingNote":"the hand table has not confirmed this row yet","tram.notInData":"not in the data","tram.note":"Trams: OpenHistoricalMap's {ways} tram ways (CC0) with the dates its contributors give, counted per track, so their kilometres are not the network's length. A way the data does not date is never given a year: it is drawn from its opening, or from the first horse tram on 22 June 1865, to its removal, in West Berlin at the latest to its last tram on 2 October 1967. Today's tracks the history does not cover come from ATKIS and show in today's year. Events from the project's hand table, each from its source.","tram.noteToday":"A track of today from ATKIS, without a date.","tram.noteWay":"A way of OpenHistoricalMap, with the dates its contributors give.","tram.removed":"Removed","tram.switch":"Trams","tram.today":"Today","tram.todayNote":"a track of today, its opening not in the data","tram.undated":"Way the data does not date","transit.airfield":"Airfield","transit.ghost":"Ghost station","transit.ghostWhen":"{span}: trains from the West passed without stopping (today the {lines})","transit.ghostWhenMany":"{span}: trains from the West passed without stopping (today the {lines})","transit.inUse":"In use","transit.kind.S":"S-Bahn","transit.kind.U":"U-Bahn","transit.legend.S":"S-Bahn, from its electric service","transit.legend.U":"U-Bahn","transit.legend.airfield":"Airfield in use, its runways and their numbers","transit.legend.cut":"Out of service: cut by the Wall, or idle from 1980","transit.legend.former":"Former airfield","transit.legend.ghost":"Ghost station, 1961 to 1992: trains passed without stopping","transit.legend.station":"Station","transit.lines":"Lines today","transit.loading":"Loading the lines","transit.noTrains":"No trains","transit.note":"Each stretch appears in the year it opened as the timeline plays. U-Bahn: OpenHistoricalMap's dated tracks (CC0) and Wikidata's stations; S-Bahn: the day its electric service began at each station (Wikipedia's list); the divided network and the airfields: Wikipedia, quoted row by row. Lines and outlines © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).","transit.opened":"Opened","transit.runways":"Runways","transit.runwaysAtClosing":"{refs}, their numbers when it closed","transit.since":"since {y}","transit.station.S":"S-Bahn station","transit.station.U":"U-Bahn station","transit.stretchNote":"This stretch, between two stations; the line is the one using it today.","transit.unit":"Kilometres of track by the period they opened in","transit.unitLine":"Each line in its own colour, as the BVG and the S-Bahn draw it","use.31001_1000":"Residential building","use.31001_1010":"Residential building","use.31001_1020":"Residence hall or hostel","use.31001_1021":"Children's home","use.31001_1022":"Home for the elderly","use.31001_1023":"Nurses' residence","use.31001_1024":"Student or pupil residence","use.31001_1025":"School field-trip centre","use.31001_1100":"Mixed-use building with homes","use.31001_1110":"Homes with community use","use.31001_1120":"Homes with shops and 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